Qualitative Analysis of Metabolites of Aristolochiae Fructus Aqueous Extract in Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE） technique， we identified qualitatively the metabolites of aristolochic acid（AAs） in rat in order to analyze the metabolic differences between water extract of Aristolochiae fructus（AFE） and Aristolochic acid Ⅰ（AAⅠ）. MethodSD rats were selected and administered AFE（110 g·kg-1·d-1） or AAⅠ（5 mg·kg-1·d-1） by oral for 5 days， respectively. Serum， urine and feces were collected after administration. Through sample pretreatment， ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） was used with the mobile phase of 0.01% formic acid methanol（A）-0.01% formic acid water（B， containing 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate） for gradient elution（0-1 min， 10%B； 1-7 min， 10%-75%B； 7-7.2 min， 75%-95%B； 7.2-10.2 min， 95%B； 10.2-10.3 min， 95%-10%B； 10.3-12 min， 10%B） at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1. Positive ion mode of electrospray ionization（ESI+） was performed in the scanning range of m/z 100-1 200. In combination with UNIFI 1.9.4.053 system， the Pathway-MSE was used to qualitatively analyze and identify the AAs prototype and related metabolites in biological samples（serum， urine and feces）， and to compare the similarities and differences of metabolites in rats in the subacute toxicity test between AFE group and AAⅠ group. ResultCompared with AAⅠ group， 6， 10， 13 common metabolites and 14， 20， 30 unique metabolites were identified in biological samples（serum， urine and feces） of AFE group， respectively. Moreover， the main AAs components always followed the metabolic processes of demethylation， nitrate reduction and conjugation. Compared with common metabolites in AAⅠ group， prototype components of AAⅠ in serum and most metabolic derivatives of AAⅠ［AAⅠa， aristolochic lactam Ⅰ（ALⅠ）a， 7-OHALⅠ and its conjugated derivatives］ in biological samples were significantly increased in AFE group（P<0.05， P<0.01）， except that the metabolic amount of ALⅠ in feces of AFE group was remarkably lowed than that of AAⅠ group（P<0.01）. In addition， a variety of special ALⅠ efflux derivatives were also identified in the urine and feces of the AFE group. ConclusionAlthough major AAs components in AFE all show similar metabolic rules as AAⅠ components in vivo， the coexistence of multiple AAs components in Aristolochiae Fructus may affect the metabolism of AAⅠ， and achieve the attenuating effect by increasing the metabolic effection of AAⅠ and ALⅠ.

Diversity of fungi obtained from bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil / Diversidade de fungos em morcegos de fragmentos florestais urbanos de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Bats are important for the homeostasis of ecosystems and serve as hosts of various microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi with pathogenic potential. This study aimed to isolate fungi from biological samples obtained from bats captured in the city of Sinop (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), where large areas of deforestation exist due to urbanization and agriculture. On the basis of the flow of people and domestic animals, 48 bats were captured in eleven urban forest fragments. The samples were processed and submitted to microbiological cultures, to isolate and to identify the fungal genera. Thirty-four (70.83%) of the captured bats were positive for fungi; 18 (37.5%) and 16 (33.33%) of these bats were female and male, respectively. Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., and Candida sp., which may cause opportunistic infections, were isolated. The bat species with the highest number of fungal isolates was Molossus molossus: 21 isolates (43.8%). According to our results, bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop harbor pathogenic fungi, increasing the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in humans and domestic animals.

Os morcegos apresentam grande importância na homeostasia dos ecossistemas e são hospedeiros de uma rica diversidade de micro-organismos como bactérias, vírus e fungos com potencial patogênico. Portanto, este estudo visou isolar fungos presentes em amostras biológicas de morcegos na cidade de Sinop - MT, que possui grandes áreas de desmatamento devido à urbanização e agricultura. Foram capturados 48 morcegos de diferentes espécies, em onze fragmentos florestais urbanos definidos de acordo com fluxo de pessoas e animais domésticos, para obtenção de amostras biológicas. Essas amostras foram processadas e submetidas aos cultivos microbiológicos, para isolamento e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos. Dos 48 morcegos, 34 (70,83%) foram positivos para pelos menos um gênero de fungo, sendo 18 (37,5%) fêmeas e 16 (33,33%) machos, e os gêneros isolados a partir das amostras biológicas foram Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp. e Candida sp., que podem ser causadores de infecções oportunistas. Desse total, a espécie que apresentou maior positividade para pelo menos um gênero de fungo foi Molossus molossus com 21 (43,8%). Nossos resultados demonstram que os morcegos capturados nos fragmentos florestais urbanos na cidade de Sinop - MT, podem atuar como agentes veiculadores de fungos com potencial patogênico, aumentando assim o risco de exposição e aquisição de infecções fúngicas oportunistas por pessoas e animais domésticos.

Diversity of fungi obtained from bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Abstract Bats are important for the homeostasis of ecosystems and serve as hosts of various microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi with pathogenic potential. This study aimed to isolate fungi from biological samples obtained from bats captured in the city of Sinop (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), where large areas of deforestation exist due to urbanization and agriculture. On the basis of the flow of people and domestic animals, 48 bats were captured in eleven urban forest fragments. The samples were processed and submitted to microbiological cultures, to isolate and to identify the fungal genera. Thirty-four (70.83%) of the captured bats were positive for fungi; 18 (37.5%) and 16 (33.33%) of these bats were female and male, respectively. Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., and Candida sp., which may cause opportunistic infections, were isolated. The bat species with the highest number of fungal isolates was Molossus molossus: 21 isolates (43.8%). According to our results, bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop harbor pathogenic fungi, increasing the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in humans and domestic animals.

Resumo Os morcegos apresentam grande importância na homeostasia dos ecossistemas e são hospedeiros de uma rica diversidade de micro-organismos como bactérias, vírus e fungos com potencial patogênico. Portanto, este estudo visou isolar fungos presentes em amostras biológicas de morcegos na cidade de Sinop - MT, que possui grandes áreas de desmatamento devido à urbanização e agricultura. Foram capturados 48 morcegos de diferentes espécies, em onze fragmentos florestais urbanos definidos de acordo com fluxo de pessoas e animais domésticos, para obtenção de amostras biológicas. Essas amostras foram processadas e submetidas aos cultivos microbiológicos, para isolamento e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos. Dos 48 morcegos, 34 (70,83%) foram positivos para pelos menos um gênero de fungo, sendo 18 (37,5%) fêmeas e 16 (33,33%) machos, e os gêneros isolados a partir das amostras biológicas foram Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp. e Candida sp., que podem ser causadores de infecções oportunistas. Desse total, a espécie que apresentou maior positividade para pelo menos um gênero de fungo foi Molossus molossus com 21 (43,8%). Nossos resultados demonstram que os morcegos capturados nos fragmentos florestais urbanos na cidade de Sinop - MT, podem atuar como agentes veiculadores de fungos com potencial patogênico, aumentando assim o risco de exposição e aquisição de infecções fúngicas oportunistas por pessoas e animais domésticos.

Diversity of fungi obtained from bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil / Diversidade de fungos em morcegos de fragmentos florestais urbanos de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Abstract Bats are important for the homeostasis of ecosystems and serve as hosts of various microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi with pathogenic potential. This study aimed to isolate fungi from biological samples obtained from bats captured in the city of Sinop (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), where large areas of deforestation exist due to urbanization and agriculture. On the basis of the flow of people and domestic animals, 48 bats were captured in eleven urban forest fragments. The samples were processed and submitted to microbiological cultures, to isolate and to identify the fungal genera. Thirty-four (70.83%) of the captured bats were positive for fungi; 18 (37.5%) and 16 (33.33%) of these bats were female and male, respectively. Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., and Candida sp., which may cause opportunistic infections, were isolated. The bat species with the highest number of fungal isolates was Molossus molossus: 21 isolates (43.8%). According to our results, bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop harbor pathogenic fungi, increasing the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in humans and domestic animals.

Resumo Os morcegos apresentam grande importância na homeostasia dos ecossistemas e são hospedeiros de uma rica diversidade de micro-organismos como bactérias, vírus e fungos com potencial patogênico. Portanto, este estudo visou isolar fungos presentes em amostras biológicas de morcegos na cidade de Sinop - MT, que possui grandes áreas de desmatamento devido à urbanização e agricultura. Foram capturados 48 morcegos de diferentes espécies, em onze fragmentos florestais urbanos definidos de acordo com fluxo de pessoas e animais domésticos, para obtenção de amostras biológicas. Essas amostras foram processadas e submetidas aos cultivos microbiológicos, para isolamento e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos. Dos 48 morcegos, 34 (70,83%) foram positivos para pelos menos um gênero de fungo, sendo 18 (37,5%) fêmeas e 16 (33,33%) machos, e os gêneros isolados a partir das amostras biológicas foram Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp. e Candida sp., que podem ser causadores de infecções oportunistas. Desse total, a espécie que apresentou maior positividade para pelo menos um gênero de fungo foi Molossus molossus com 21 (43,8%). Nossos resultados demonstram que os morcegos capturados nos fragmentos florestais urbanos na cidade de Sinop - MT, podem atuar como agentes veiculadores de fungos com potencial patogênico, aumentando assim o risco de exposição e aquisição de infecções fúngicas oportunistas por pessoas e animais domésticos.

Fabrication of edge-curled petals-like covalent organic frameworks and their properties for extracting indole alkaloids from complex biological samples / 药物分析学报

In this study,a functionalized covalent-organic framework(COF)was first synthesized using porphyrin as the fabrication unit and showed an edge-curled,petal-like and well-ordered structure.The synthesized COF was then introduced to prepare porous organic polymer monolithic materials(POPMs).Two com-posite POPM/COF monolithic materials with rod shapes,referred to as sorbent A and sorbent B,were prepared in stainless steel tubes using different monomers.Sorbents A and B exhibited relatively uniform porous structures and enhanced specific surface areas of 153.14 m2/g and 80.01 m2/g,respectively.The prepared composite monoliths were used as in-tube solid-phase extraction(SPE)sorbents combined with HPLC for the on-line extraction and quantitative analytical systems.Indole alkaloids(from Catharanthus roseus G.Don and Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.Ex Havil.)contained in mouse plasma were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using the online system.The two composite multifunctional monoliths showed excellent clean-up ability for complex biological matrices,as well as superior selec-tivity for target indole alkaloids.Method validation showed that the RSD values of the repeatability(n=6)were≤3.46％,and the accuracy expressed by the spiked recoveries was in the ranges of 99.38％-100.91％and 96.39％-103.50％for vinca alkaloids and Uncaria alkaloids,respectively.Furthermore,sorbents A and B exhibited strong reusability,with RSD values≤5.32％,which were based on the peak area of the corresponding alkaloids with more than 100 injections.These results indicate that the composite POPM/COF rod-shaped monoliths are promising media as SPE sorbents for extracting trace compounds in complex biological samples.

Accurate and sensitive determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate used on COVID-19 patients in human urine,serum and saliva samples by GC-MS / 药物分析学报

A rapid,accurate,and sensitive analytical method,ultrasonication-assisted spraying based fine droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (UA-SFDF-LPME-GC-MS),was proposed for the determination of trace amounts of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in human serum,urine,and saliva samples.To determine the best extraction strategy,several liquid and solid phase extraction methods were investigated for their efficiencies in isolation and preconcentration of hydroxychloroquine sulfate from biological matrices.The UA-SFDF-LPME method was determined to be the best extraction method as it was operationally simple and provided accurate results.Variables such as the extraction solvent,spraying number,sodium hydroxide concentration and volume,sample vol-ume,mixing method,and mixing period were optimized for the proposed method using the one-variable-at-a-time approach.In addition,Tukey's method based on a post hoc comparison test was employed to evaluate the significant difference between the parameters inspected.After the optimiza-tion studies,the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.7 and 2.4 μg/kg,respectively.The sensitivity of the GC-MS system based on the LOD was enhanced approxi-mately 440-fold when the UA-SFDF-LPME method was employed.Spiking experiments were also con-ducted for the human serum,urine,and saliva samples to determine the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.Recoveries for the human serum,urine,and saliva samples were found to be in the ranges of 93.9％-101.7％,95.2％-105.0％,and 93.1％-102.3％,respectively.These results were satisfactory and indicated that the hydroxychloroquine sulfate level in the above biological samples could be analyzed using the proposed method.

Organic and Inorganic Mercury in Biological Samples of Flouresecent Lamp Industries Workers and Health Risks / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The present study aims to investigate the concentrations of Hg and its aspects methyl mercury (Me-Hg) and inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in the biological samples (BSs) of fluorescent lamp industries workers (FLIWs).@*Methodology@#Different BSs including red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, urine, hair and nails were collected from the workers exposed to Hg and unexposed persons were selected as control group to measure both the T-Hg concentration as well as its species in different biological samples through quantitative analysis. Health data was collected through questionnaire survey.@*Results@#The mean concentrations of T-Hg (31.9 µg/L), Me-Hg (27.7 µg/L), and I-Hg (5.36 µg/L) in RBCs were found significantly ( < 0.001) higher among the workers ( = 40) as compared to the control group ( = 40). Similarly the mean Hg concentrations in plasma, urine, hair and nails were also significantly higher among the workers than the control group. The statistical relation between Hg concentration and demographic characteristics observed that workers experience and fish consumption has increased the Hg concentration while age, weight and smoking found no significant effect on Hg concentration in the BSs.@*Conclusion@#The study observed that the workers were highly exposed to high concentration of Hg and they are at a high health risk.

Quantitative analysis of phenobarbital in biological fluids: Analyte enrichment by an electrically-assisted microextraction technique

An electrically-assisted microextraction method called electromembrane extraction, followed by a simple high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for determining phenobarbital in biological samples. The major parameters influencing the electromembrane extraction procedure including solvent composition, voltage, pH of acceptor and donor solutions, salt effect, and time of extraction were evaluated and optimized. The drug was extracted from the donor aqueous sample solution (pH 9) to the acceptor aqueous solution (pH 13). The donor and acceptor phases were separated by a hollow fiber dipped in 1-octanol as a supported liquid membrane. A voltage of 40 V during 20 minutes was applied as the driving force. The enrichment factor was obtained >51 which enhanced the sensitivity of the instrument. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 7.5 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. The method was linear over the range of 25-1000 ng/mL for phenobarbital (R2 >0.9998) with repeatability (%RSD) between 0.4% and 6.8% (n = 3). The proposed method was successfully applied to human plasma and urine samples with relative recovery of 70-80% and %RSD < 6.8%.

Determination of Escitalopram in Biological Samples by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with GC-MS/MS / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish a method for determination of escitalopram in biological samples by ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and provide evidences for forensic determination of cases related to escitalopram. Methods The 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate （[C6MIM][PF6]） was selected as an extract solvent to process biological samples. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used on the samples. Then the samples were detected by GC-MS/MS. Results The linear range of escitalopram in blood and liver were 5.56-1 111.10 ng/mL and 0.025-5.00 mg/g, respectively. The correlation coefficient （r） were greater than 0.999, limit of detection （LOD） were 4.00 ng/mL and 2.00 μg/g, limit of quantitation （LOQ） were 14.00 ng/mL and 6.00 μg/g, respectively. The extraction recovery rates were all greater than 50%, the interday and intraday precision were less than 20%. Escitalopram was detected in blood and liver samples from the actual poisoning case by this method with a content of 1.26 μg/mL and 0.44 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion The ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS/MS is environment friendly, rapid, has good enriching effect and consumes less organic solvent and can be used for forensic determination of escitalopram related cases.

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP, Simple Alternative Technique of Molecular Diagnosis Process in Medicals Analysis: A Review

The Medical diagnostic process requires more various methods to cover all sorts of clinical demands. Those methods depend on the types of samples and the requested analysis. The Medical diagnostic is considered as a process until making a clinical decision about a physiopathology or infection through medicals analysis. Nucleic acid amplification methods continue to play a role in these medicals analysis processes, but, many gold conventional standard Methods are time-consumers, less sensitive, technically challenging. It is that reason why recently, after the development of the PCR technique; the real-time PCR became a frequently requested tool to diagnose the virus, bacteria, fungal and parasites infections in different pathologies, especially in developed countries. However, its availability remains a big problem in resource-limited countries like Africa continent. It is because of the issue due to cost, technology, human resource constraints and the remote areas with limited access to laboratory facilities which stays also a major problem. Nucleic acids amplification methods remain to be expensive, not accessible for all laboratories. In addition to this, they are easily inhibited and contaminated by the other biochemical reagents time-consumer, for this reason, other methods of nucleic acid amplification under isothermal conditions have emerged each with its particularities. Despite their successes, molecular biology should have a method that combines many of the advantages and accessible everywhere. So, in 2000, the LAMP method was developed and offered many advantages such as speed, specificity, high sensitivity and the cost of very low equipment. In this review, we present the different studies to confirm the advantages of LAMP that we consider as an alternative to PCR in molecular diagnostics with a wide range of use on clinical samples and in scientific research and also, the method to save the Africans patients from the high cost and time consuming of other amplification methods.

A study on needle stick injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in India

Background: Needle stick injury among health workers is regarded as an occupational hazard. Health care workers are at risk of having blood-borne diseases in case they are exposed to blood and other biological samples of the patients. Moreover, staff including doctors working in tertiary care hospitals has high work load which results in increased chances of getting these injuries. The aim and objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence of needle stick injury among different categories of health care workers. Authors also aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices associated with it.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study design to know the prevalence of needle stick injury among various health care workers of Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research, a tertiary level care hospital in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. A total of 250 health care workers were selected for the study purpose. A self-designed, semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of needle stick injuries and the factors associated with it.Results: A majority of health care workers (94%) knew about needle stick injury and 92% were aware that HIV can be transmitted through needle stick injury, 78.4% and 69.65% were aware of Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C transmission respectively. About 28.4% of subjects had encountered needle stick injury in their past. Furthermore, it was found that type of exposure and place of exposure was significantly associated with different categories of health care workers (p <0.001).Conclusions: Prevention of health workers against needle stick injury is the best possible way to prevent several bloods borne diseases. There should be a prevention programme which special focus on training of health care workers. Further strategies aiming at preventive measures and reporting of the Needle stick injuries accidents should be made compulsory among health care workers.

Ethical Reflections on the Implementation of Broad Consent in Chinese Medical Institutions / 中国医学伦理学

Taking the occurrence and development of general consent as the research object, this paper compared the differences between the ethical characteristics of broad consent and informed consent of specific research through the analysis of the content revision process of broad consent in the U.S. Broad Rules, and tried to explore the feasibility of implementing broad consent in Chinese medical institutions.

Niños y adolescentes expuestos ambientalmente a mercurio, en diferentes municipios de Colombia / Children and adolescents exposed environmentally to mercury in different municipalities in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer la exposición ambiental a mercurio, para identificar el impacto sobre la salud de la población de niños y adolescentes en cuatro departamentos de Colombia. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal entre 2014 - 2015, en once municipios de los departamentos de Bolívar, Sucre, Antioquia y Córdoba y dentro de este se realizó un estudio anidado con un grupo de 63 niños y uno de 37 adolescentes de estos municipios. Resultados: El promedio de tiempo de residencia estuvo entre 6 y 9 años y se encontró alta frecuencia de consumo de pescado. El 6,3% de los niños y el 29,7% de los adolescentes, excedieron el límite permisible de mercurio en sangre y el 50,8% de los niños y el 46,0% de los adolescentes excedieron el límite permisible en cabello. En cuanto a los síntomas referenciados por los participantes, hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05), entre la población de niños y la de adolescentes en salivación excesiva (15,9%), caída del cabello (18,7%), insomnio (29,0%), nerviosismo (19,6%), debilidad (18,0%) y pérdida de memoria (17,3%). Sabor metálico en la boca (8,4%), pérdida de peso (23,4%), temblor (21,5%), problemas de concentración (17,9%) y dolor torácico (17,9%) no mostraron diferencia entre estos dos grupos. Conclusión: Los niños y adolescentes que residen en áreas de explotación de oro o influenciados por la minería de oro, se encuentran expuestos a mercurio, lo que implica un riesgo elevado para su salud.

Abstract Objective: It was proposed to establish the environmental exposure to mercury, to identify the impact on the health of the population of children and adolescents in four departments of Colombia. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between 2014 - 2015, in eleven municipalities of the departments of Bolívar, Sucre, Antioquia and Córdoba and within this a nested study was carried out with a group of 63 children and 37 adolescents from these municipalities. Results: Average residence time between 6 and 9 years and a high frequency of fish consumption was found. 6.3% of children and 29.7% of adolescents exceeded the allowable limit of mercury in blood and 50.8% of children and 46.0% of adolescents exceeded the permissible limit on hair. Regarding the symptoms referenced by the participants, there was a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the population of children and that of adolescents in excessive salivation (15.9%), hair loss (18.7%), insomnia (29.0%), nervousness (19.6%), weakness (18.0%) and memory loss (17.3%). Metallic taste in the mouth (8.4%), weight loss (23.4%), tremor (21.5%), concentration problems (17.9%) and chest pain (17.9%) did not show difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Children and adolescents who reside in areas of gold exploitation or who are influenced by gold mining are exposed to mercury, which implies a high risk to their health.

Analysis of Common Herbicides in Blood by UPLC-HRMS / 法医学杂志

Objective To develop a method to screen and quantify 10 common herbicides (paraquat, diquat, glyphosate, glufosinate, cyanazine, atrazine, metazachlor, acetochlor, chlorsulfuron, and metsulfuron) in blood.Methods With acetonitrile-water solution[V (acetonitrile) ∶V (water) =3∶1]as protein precipitant, 10 common herbicides in blood were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS).Results All the 10 herbicides had good linearity in their linear range (coefficient of determination R2≥0.993), with the recovery rates 67.4％-111.9％, the relative standard deviations 1.5％-10.8％, the accuracies 85.1％-106.1％, intra-day precisions 2.7％-13.5％, and inter-day precisions 3.3％-13.3％.Conclusion This method is easy to operate with high recovery rates.It enables rapid and accurate qualitative screening and quantitative analysis of various herbicides in blood simultaneously.

Determination of Endosulfan Concentrations in Biological Samples by GC-MS/MS / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish an analytical method of the endosulfan concentrations （α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan） in biological samples by GC-MS/MS. To observe the distribution of endosulfan in aquatic animals and provide experimental evidence for forensic identification of relevant cases.@*METHODS@#Acetonitrile was added to the blood and muscle samples for precipitating the protein. The endosulfan concentrations were determined by GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Qualitative analysis was performed according to the retention time and ion rate, and quantitative analysis was performed by external standard working curve method.@*RESULTS@#In blood samples, the calibration curves of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan ranging from 0.062 5 to 10 μg/mL had good linear relationship, the correlation coefficients （r） of which were >0.99. The limits of detection （LOD） were 1 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL and the limits of quantification （LOQ） were 4 ng/mL and 8 ng/mL, respectively. In muscle samples, the calibration curves of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan ranging from 0.062 5 to 10 μg/g, the r of which were >0.98. The LOD were 1 ng/g and 4 ng/g and the LOQ were 4 ng/g and 16 ng/g, respectively. The accuracy of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan was 90.76%-108.91% both in blood and muscle samples, the interday and intraday precision were 2.35%-8.71% and 5.44%-10.29%, respectively. In poisoning cases, endosulfan were detected in all parts of fish and crab and the content difference was statistically significant.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The endosulfan detection method based on GC-MS/MS established in the present study is rapid, sensitive and accurate, which can be applied to the endosulfan detection in traces biological samples. The distribution of endosulfan in fish and crab was different, which can provide evidence to the sample collection and analysis for toxicological analysis in relevant forensic identification.

Ethical acceptability of using generic consent for secondary use of data and biological samples in medical research / Aceptabilidad ética de usar consentimiento genérico para uso secundario de datos y de muestras biológicas en investigación médica / Aceitabilidade ética do uso de consentimento genérico para uso secundário

Abstract: The research idea starts from the previous identification of certain elements of generic consent for research activities found in informed consent (IC) forms used in therapeutic activities in hospitals that have the right to conduct medical research on human subjects in Northeast Romania. The paper questions the ethical acceptability of secondary use of data and biological samples in medical research, in the context of obtaining generic therapeutic consent from patients. The objective of the research is to analyze the Romanian context of using the IC obtained in therapeutic purposes as a starting point for the research activity. We wish to argue that the practice of obtaining a generic consent - for using the data obtained and the biological samples collected in the therapeutic process for secondary analysis - raises serious ethical issues regarding the validity and effectiveness of the IC.

Resumen: La idea de este estudio proviene de la identificación previa de ciertos elementos de consentimiento genérico para actividades de investigación, que se encuentran en formularios de consentimiento informado usados en actividades terapéuticas en hospitales que tienen la potestad de realizar investigación médica con sujetos humanos en el Noreste de Rumania. Este estudio cuestiona la aceptabilidad ética del uso secundario de datos y muestras biológicas en el contexto de obtener consentimiento genérico de pacientes en terapia. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar el contexto en Rumania al usar consentimiento informado en terapia como punto inicial de actividad de investigación. Argumentamos que la práctica de obtener consentimiento genérico -para usar los datos obtenidos y las muestras biológicas recolectadas en el proceso terapéutico en análisis secundario- preocupa éticamente respecto de la validez y efectividad del consentimiento informado.

Resumo: A ideia de pesquisa tem sua origem a partir da identificação anterior de certos elementos do consentimento genérico para atividades de pesquisa encontrados em formulários de consentimento informado (CI) usados em atividades terapêuticas em hospitais que têm o direito de realizar pesquisa médica em seres humanos no nordeste da Romênia. O artigo questiona a aceitabilidade ética de uso secundário de dados e amostras biológicas na pesquisa médica, no âmbito da obtenção do consentimento genérico terapêutico de pacientes. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar o contexto romeno do uso do CI obtido por fins terapêuticos como ponto de partida para a atividade de investigação. Nós gostaríamos de argumentar que a prática de obter um consentimento genérico - para utilizar os dados obtidos e as amostras biológicas coletadas no processo terapêutico para análise secundária - levanta sérias questões éticas a respeito da validade e da eficácia do IC.

Progress on Determination and Analysis of Zopiclone in Biological Samples / 法医学杂志

As a new hypnotic, zopiclone is widely used in clinical treatment. There are many methods for determination of zopiclone, including spectrophotometry, chromatography and chromatography mass spectrum, etc. Present paper reviews different kinds of biological samples associated with zopiclone, ex-traction and purification methods, and determination and analysis methods, which aims to provide refer-ences for the relevant research and practice.

Research Progress in Analysis of Small Molecule Metabolites inBio-matrices by Stable Isotope Coded Derivatization Combiningwith Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Stable isotope coded derivatization (ICD) is an isotope labeling technique for specific functional groups of the target analytes through chemical derivatization.ICD combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables systematically analyzing the biomolecules with the same labeling reaction characteristic.ICD technique can effectively solve the limited sensitivity in complex bio-matrices analysis and unavailability of isotope internal standards in quantitative analysis.In recent years, ICD technique has been widely used in metabolomics research field.Based on this background, the ICD technique and the design of ICD reagents are briefly described in this review.The recent advances in ICD reagents for carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, thiol and hydroxyl groups and their applications in the analysis of small molecule metabolites in bio-matrices with LC-MS/MS are reviewed.

Content-based analysis of Biological Samples Library sharing in China / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Integration and sharing of biological samples are the most effective approach for making use of their stock and improving their utilization efficiency. Although great success has been achieved in development of Biolog-ical Samples Library in China, efforts are not made in promoting sample resource sharing. The problems in develop-ment of Biological Samples Library were thus summarized in this paper by content analysis, such as no unified crite-ria, poor administrative management, and imperfect ethical supervision of sample sharing.

Sensitive Analysis and Pharmacokinetic Study of Berberrubine Using LC-MS/MS / 中草药·英文版

Objective To develop a sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behavior of berberrubine (BRB) and its glucuronide (BRBG) in rats. Methods BRB, BRBG and tetrahydroberberine (THB, internal standard) were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction in rat biological samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 3.5-Micron) with a gradient mobile phases primarily containing acetonitrile, water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mm ammonium acetate. The analytes were monitored by MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization mode. Herein, the feasibility of new developed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, extraction efficiency and matrix effect. The appropriate method was used for the pharmacokinetic study in rats. Results The new developed method could be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of BRB in rats. BRB and BRBG showed good linearity over the ranges of 2-1000 ng/mL and 5-2000 ng/mL, respectively, and precision was no more than 15%. The accuracy, specificity and stability could be acceptable. Conclusion The new method is sensitive and reproducible. In pharmacokinetic study, BRB showed nonlinear elimination property. Meanwhile, BRB was rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in various tissues with the highest exposure of BRB in kidney and liver. The absolute bioavailability of BRB was determined to be 8.2% and at the dose of 40 mg/kg, a total of 44% BRB was excreted in urine and feces.